Karate tells a story that’s lasted for centuries, influenced by various cultures and ideas. To me, it’s more than just a martial art. It’s the heartbeat of Okinawa, showcasing strength, wisdom, and resilience. Over the years, Karate has been known by many names, each reflecting its growth and the blend of influences it has absorbed. As I dive deeper into its past, I discover the rich heritage and the labels that have defined Karate at different times. This exploration has given me a deeper appreciation of the art and the legacy it carries.
Ti 手, Tōde 唐手, Tuudii.
The earliest roots of Karate are intertwined with the terms “Ti 手”, “Tōde 唐手” and “Tuudii” (Hand/China hand). These designations harken back to the era when Okinawa and China engaged in cultural and trade connections (Pre-18th Century). They imply a crossroads of knowledge exchange, where martial arts concepts journeyed between the two regions. While historical documentation is scant, these terms stand as testaments to a historical bridge between Okinawan and Chinese martial arts.
Tōde (唐手, Tuudii, Tang hand, China hand), sometimes called Okinawa-te (沖縄手, Uchinaa-dii).
Tomari-te (泊手), Shuri-te (首里手), and Naha-te (那覇手).
In the 20th century, the realm of Okinawan martial arts experienced the rise of localized styles, giving birth to “Tomari-te,” “Shuri-te,” and “Naha-te.” These designations embody unique practices that originated in the villages of Tomari, Shuri, and Naha. Each region and its instructor held specific patterns, techniques, and principles that set apart the hand techniques of that particular area.
The names denote not only geographical origin but also the fusion of local customs and Chinese martial arts influences. Icons like Sokon Matsumura (Shuri-te), Kosaku Matsumora (Tomari-te), and Kanryo Higaonna (Naha-te) are synonymous with these styles, heralding the dawn of a new era.
Shuri-te, Naha-te, and Tomari-te belong to a family of martial arts that were collectively defined as Tode-jutsu or Tode.
The first mention of Tomari-te.
Quote:
In contemporary documents, it is often mentioned that until styles were formulated Karate was divided into Shuri-te, Tomari-te and Naha-te. However, the terminology regarding these 3 “Ti” appeared for the first time in 1927.
This year, the chairman of Kōdōkan Kanō Jigorō was invited to visit Okinawa by the Okinawa prefecture judō black belt association. As a part of the welcoming events, a Karate demonstration was organized. The organizers were Miyagi Chōjun and Mabuni Kenwa of the “Okinawa Karate Club”. At that time, the names “Shuri-te, Naha-te and Tomari-te” were used as a matter of convenience. Demonstrators were Hanashiro Chōmo, Kuba Kōsaku, Kyan Chōtoku, Miyagi Chōjun, Mabuni Kenwa, etc.
To the best of my knowledge, Gichin Funakoshi actually referenced Tomari-te as early as 1913 (correct me if I’m wrong). This fact provides a clear indication that the term Tomari-te was already recognized and utilized by multiple individuals by that year. Similarly, it is likely that other terms such as Shuri-te and Naha-te were also in use prior to 1927.
Nevertheless; There is limited historical evidence to definitively confirm whether styles were referred to as “Shuri-te,” “Tomari-te,” and “Naha-te” specifically before the year 1900. The usage of these terms in historical records from that time period is not well-documented, and the practice of martial arts during that era was often transmitted orally and informally.
The concepts and techniques that later became associated with these styles likely existed, but they may not have been labeled using these specific terms. It’s possible that practitioners and communities had their own local names and ways of referring to their martial arts practices, which may not have been standardized or widely recognized beyond their immediate area.
The Transition to “Karate”.
A monumental shift occurred when the term “Karate” emerged in the 20th century. Coined by Gichin Funakoshi, “Karate” translates to “Empty Hand”, underscoring the art’s focus on unarmed combat. Funakoshi’s mission to introduce Okinawan Karate to mainland Japan in the early 20th century culminated in a unified name that encompassed the diverse regional styles, offering a universal identity that resonated beyond borders.
Other terms for Karate through History.
The terms mentioned above offer only a glimpse of the intricate tapestry woven by the martial arts of Okinawa over the ages. Each term sheds light on different dimensions of the art’s evolution, its cultural underpinnings, and the philosophies that guide its practitioners. These terms, like historical markers, have evolved within distinct historical contexts, each reflecting the prevailing influences and perceptions of their time.
In addition to the terms mentioned earlier, there have been various other terms used to describe the martial arts of Okinawa over time. Some of these terms include:
Ryukyu-te: This term refers to the martial arts that were practiced in the Ryukyu Kingdom, which encompassed what is now Okinawa. Before the modern term “Karate” gained widespread use, the practices of self-defense and combat in the region were often referred to as “Ryukyu-te.” These arts developed over centuries through interactions with China and other neighboring regions, contributing to the foundation of what would later become known as Karate.
Tode-jutsu: This term translates to the “technique of Tang hand” (Tang referring to China, Tang-dynasty). It highlights the significant influence of Chinese martial arts on Okinawan martial practices. The Tang Dynasty of China had a considerable impact on Okinawan culture, including its martial arts. The term “Tode-jutsu” emphasizes the connections between Okinawa and China and the transmission of martial arts knowledge and techniques between the two regions.
Okinawa-te: This term translates to “Okinawan hand”. It signifies the local nature of the martial arts practiced in Okinawa. It emphasizes the unique development and identity of martial arts in the region. “Okinawa-te” acknowledges the historical context in which these practices emerged, shaped by the local culture, customs, and interactions with other cultures.
Okinawa-te was systematically taught in Japan after the Taishō era (after 1926).
Karate-do: The term “Karate” itself means “Empty Hand” and reflects the focus on unarmed combat techniques. The addition of “do” means “way” or “path.” This term highlights Karate’s approach as not just a means of physical self-defense, but also a way of personal development and self-improvement. It underscores the philosophical and ethical aspects of Karate, encouraging practitioners to cultivate not only physical skills but also inner qualities.
Kempo: This term is a combination of “ken” (fist) and “ho” (method), translating to “Fist Method” or “Fist Way.” It has been used to refer to various martial arts practices, including those of Okinawan origin. “Kempo” underscores the practical application of techniques and techniques derived from striking with fists, reflecting the emphasis on effective combat methods.
Bushi-te: This term emphasizes the warrior or samurai aspects of martial arts. It underscores the martial tradition’s connection to the warrior class and the principles of honor, discipline, and combat proficiency. “Bushi-te” acknowledges the martial and combat-focused nature of these practices, aligning them with the historical lineage of warriors in Japanese and Okinawan culture.
Karate-Jutsu: This term emphasizes the practical and combative nature of Okinawan martial arts. “Jutsu” translates to “technique”, and it denotes a focus on practical self-defense techniques and methods. “Karate-Jutsu” reflects the earlier emphasis on effective combat techniques and strategies, highlighting the practicality of these techniques in real-life situations.
Karate-jutsu was systematically taught in Japan after the Taishō era (after 1926).
Concluding remark.
“Tōde” and “Tuudii” to the localized “Tomari-te”, “Shuri-te”, and “Naha-te”, and finally to the universal identity of “Karate”.
This evolution of Karate’s terms doesn’t just signify adaptability but resilience. Just as practitioners refine their techniques, the terminology gracefully adjusts to new eras while retaining its heritage. This adaptation underscores the universal essence of martial arts, uniting practitioners across time and space in their pursuit of mastery.
In essence, Karate’s terminology is far beyond mere words—it encapsulates the core of the art. It perfectly balances tradition and innovation, preserving history while embracing progress. The interwoven terms across centuries stand as a powerful testament to Karate’s enduring legacy. They mirror its evolution from the enigmatic”.
Thanks for reading.
Gert
